MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide derived from mitochondria, classified as a mitochondrial or metabolic hormone. It plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial energy, fatty acid metabolism, and metabolic homeostasis. Expressed in response to stress or exercise, MOTS-c influences energy metabolism and insulin resistance through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway, impacting aging, inflammation, and overall health.
Benefits:
- Regulates mitochondrial energy
- Enhances fatty acid metabolism in the liver
- Supports metabolic flexibility and
homeostasis
- Improves glucose regulation
- Aids in resistance to metabolic stress
- Protects against insulin resistance and
obesity
- Promotes weight loss
- Boosts physical performance
Research highlights MOTS-c's potential in reducing diabetes and obesity, improving exercise capacity, and supporting healthy aging by optimizing mitochondrial function.
Muscle Tissue Metabolism
Research indicates that MOTS-c enhances skeletal muscle growth following prolonged aerobic exercise. This increase aids in the adaptation of skeletal muscles through a shift from a fast to slow phenotype and the expansion of mitochondrial networks.
MOTS-c also reduces myostatin expression, a protein that inhibits muscle growth. By decreasing myostatin, MOTS-c helps prevent muscle atrophy and supports muscle growth.
Additionally, MOTS-c treatment has improved physical performance in mice of various ages. It regulates skeletal muscle metabolism and potentially enhances glucose efficiency in these muscles.
The peptide has shown the ability to reduce muscle atrophy signaling caused by a high-fat diet by lowering myostatin expression.
Fat Metabolism
Fat metabolism is crucial for energy production and overall metabolic health. MOTS-c, a novel mitochondrial peptide, has been studied for its effects on fat metabolism. Key findings include:
MOTS-c has been identified in the regulation of muscle and fat metabolism. It has shown promising effects in preventing diet-induced obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet.
In studies related to mitochondrial adaptation to exercise, MOTS-c demonstrated increased lipid utilization and reduced overall fat mass. This suggests its potential role in improving fat metabolism.
MOTS-c treatment has shown preventive effects against obesity in mice on a high-fat diet, although it did not affect the weight of mice on a normal diet.
Furthermore, MOTS-c was found to enhance fatty acid oxidation and regulate lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue, potentially activating brown adipose tissue.
The peptide coordinates cellular glucose, mitochondrial, and fatty acid metabolism, potentially influencing lipid metabolism.
Mouse studies indicate that MOTS-c, especially in the context of obesity, plays a significant role in regulating sphingolipid, monoacylglycerol, and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. By regulating these pathways and promoting increased beta-oxidation, MOTS-c appears to inhibit fat accumulation. Some of these effects are likely mediated through MOTS-c's actions in the nucleus. Research on MOTS-c has led to a new hypothesis about fat deposition and insulin resistance, which is gaining traction in the scientific community and may offer new approaches to addressing obesity and diabetes.
Dysregulation of fat metabolism in mitochondria can result in inadequate fat oxidation, leading to increased circulating fats and elevated insulin levels as the body attempts to clear lipids from the blood. This, in turn, leads to increased fat deposits and homeostatic regulation in the body, which gradually adapts (and develops resistance) to persistently high insulin levels.
Insulin Sensitivity
Insulin sensitivity refers to the body's ability to effectively respond to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Research has explored the relationship between MOTS-c, a mitochondrial peptide, and insulin sensitivity. Key findings include:
Studies have shown that low levels of MOTS-c are associated with markers of insulin resistance in adolescents and children with obesity. This suggests that MOTS-c may play a role in improving insulin sensitivity.
MOTS-c has been found to alleviate hyperglycemia, improve insulin sensitivity, and enhance glucose tolerance. These effects may contribute to better blood sugar control and reduced insulin resistance.
In high-fat diet mouse models, MOTS-c demonstrated a reduction in insulin resistance by targeting skeletal muscles. This suggests that MOTS-c may have potential therapeutic applications for insulin resistance-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
MOTS-c treatment has shown the ability to prevent age-related and diet-induced insulin resistance. It has also shown promise in preventing diet-induced obesity, further emphasizing its potential impact on metabolic health.
MOTS-c has been associated with improved metabolic homeostasis and reduced insulin resistance. Initial studies indicated a modest reduction in body weight and improved nutrient metabolism.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is characterized by weakened and brittle bones, increasing the risk of fractures. The condition involves bone mass loss and disruptions in bone remodeling processes. While osteoporosis is primarily attributed to factors like aging, hormonal changes (especially in postmenopausal women), and certain medical conditions, recent studies have explored the potential role of MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, in relation to osteoporosis.
Research has shown that MOTS-c may provide protective effects on bone health. It has been found to enhance the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation.
In animal models, MOTS-c treatment demonstrated potential for preventing bone mass loss and increasing bone mineral density. This suggests that MOTS-c may positively impact bone strength and reduce fracture risk.
MOTS-c has also been found to regulate gene expression in bone metabolism and remodeling processes. By regulating these genes, MOTS-c may support bone homeostasis and prevent excessive bone loss.
Additionally, MOTS-c has shown potential in improving bone healing and regeneration. This suggests its ability to support repair and restoration of bone tissue, particularly in the context of osteoporosis-related fractures.
Longevity
The connection between longevity and MOTS-c has been a subject of scientific investigation. Several studies have explored the potential link between MOTS-c and exceptional longevity.
MOTS-c, a mitochondrial peptide, has been identified as a potential factor in exceptional longevity, referring to individuals who live longer than average. This suggests that MOTS-c may play a role in promoting a longer life.
Studies have discovered a proposed biological link between MOTS-c and exceptional longevity through specific genetic variations, such as the m.1382A>C mitochondrial DNA variant. These genetic associations indicate that MOTS-c may influence longevity by interacting with mitochondrial DNA.
MOTS-c has been associated with muscle homeostasis and physical activity, which are linked to healthy aging and longevity. Its involvement in maintaining muscle function and overall physical well-being may contribute to extending lifespan.
Experimental data suggest that MOTS-c treatment, especially in conjunction with physical exercise, may positively impact overall longevity. However, further research with larger cohorts is needed to confirm and generalize these findings.
While the exact mechanisms underlying the connection between MOTS-c and longevity are not yet fully understood, it is hypothesized that MOTS-c's effects on metabolic disorders, glucose regulation, and mitochondrial function may contribute to promoting a longer life.
Heart Health
Heart Structure and Function: Research has shown that both aerobic exercise and MOTS-c treatment can reduce abnormalities in heart structure and improve function. MOTS-c has been observed to enhance systolic heart function, improve diastolic function, and increase myocardial mechanical efficiency.
Myocardial Injury Recovery: MOTS-c has demonstrated the ability to repair myocardial damage by inhibiting certain processes involved in cardiovascular complications, particularly in diabetes. It is proposed as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular issues associated with diabetes.
Prevention of Heart Dysfunction: MOTS-c treatment has shown promise in delaying the onset of heart dysfunction and structural enlargement. This suggests that MOTS-c may play a preventive role in maintaining cardiovascular health.
Vascular and Heart Anomalies: MOTS-c has been reported to improve endothelial function and reduce vascular and heart anomalies. These effects contribute to overall cardiovascular health and function.
Prognostic Role in Cardiovascular Disease: Population studies have explored the prognostic role of MOTS-c in cardiovascular diseases. Blood levels of MOTS-c have been associated with cardiovascular risk, with reduced levels observed in certain patient groups.
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Amino Acid Sequence:
Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg
Molecular Formula: C101H152N28O22S2
Molecular Weight: 2174.64 g/mol
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